What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Introduction

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) centers around the obsessive-compulsive cycle, with obsessions being persistent, distressing thoughts or urges, and compulsions being repetitive actions to relieve anxiety. 

From fears of contamination to doubts about perfection, obsessions vary widely. 

Compulsions range from excessive hand washing to repeated checking, repeated checking, arranging objects in a specific order, or silently reciting prayers or mantras.

This blog will explore the definition of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), its symptoms, causes, treatments, and psychological impacts on a person.

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a persistent condition where an individual undergoes uncontrollable and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), performs recurring actions (compulsions), or both.

Those with OCD face time-consuming symptoms that can lead to considerable distress or disrupt daily life. Fortunately, treatments exist to aid individuals in handling their symptoms and enhancing their quality of life.

OCD doesn’t involve habits like nail-biting or negative thinking. An obsessive thought could revolve around certain numbers or colours being "good" or "bad."

A compulsive habit might involve washing your hands seven times after touching something potentially dirty. Even if you don't want to have these thoughts or engage in these actions, you cannot stop.

Difference between OCD and OCPD

OCD and OCPD are frequently mistaken for each other because of their similar names and overlapping symptoms, but they are separate mental health disorders.

Here's a breakdown of their main differences:

OCD-Obsessive-compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) that both cause distress and interfere with daily life.

OCPD- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of inflexibility, perfectionism, and orderliness that significantly impairs relationships and work.

People with OCD are usually aware that their obsessions and compulsions are problematic and accept that they need professional help to treat the condition.

People with OCPD usually don’t think there’s anything wrong with their behaviour and beliefs.

Symptoms of OCD

Obsessive-compulsive disorder typically involves both obsessions and compulsions.

However, it's also possible to experience only obsession symptoms or only compulsion symptoms.

You may be unaware that your obsessions and compulsions are irrational, but they consume a significant amount of time, diminish your quality of life, and interfere with your daily routines and obligations.

Obsession Symptoms:

Obsessions are repetitive thoughts, urges, or mental images that are intrusive and unwanted, typically causing anxiety in most people.

Common obsessional thoughts include:

• Fear of germs or contamination
• Fear of forgetting, losing, or misplacing something
• Fear of losing control over one’s behavior
• Aggressive thoughts toward others or oneself
• Disturbing sexual thoughts or images
• Extreme worry that something is not complete
• Desire to have things symmetrical or in perfect order

Compulsion Symptoms:

Compulsions are behaviours that you feel like you need to do over and over to try to reduce your anxiety or stop the obsessive thoughts.

Some common compulsions include:

• Excessive cleaning or hand washing
• Ordering or arranging items in a particular, precise way
• Repeatedly checking things, such as that the door is locked or the oven is off
• Compulsive counting
• Praying or repeating words silently
• People with OCD may avoid certain things that make them anxious, like specific people, places, or situations. Avoiding these things can make it hard for them to live their lives well and might not be good for their mental or physical health.

Not all recurring thoughts are obsessions, and not all routines or behaviours are compulsions.

However, individuals with OCD typically:

• Can’t control their obsessions or compulsions, even when they know they’re excessive
• Spend more than 1 hour a day on their obsessions or compulsions
• They don't get pleasure from their compulsions but may feel temporary relief from their anxiety
• Experience significant problems in daily life due to these thoughts or behaviours

Causes of OCD

The causes of OCD are not fully understood. There are several theories about the causes of OCD, including:

Genetic causes: Studies indicate that individuals with a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with OCD are at a greater risk of developing the condition. The risk is even greater if the individual develops OCD during childhood or adolescence.

Change in brain structure: Radio imaging studies have revealed variances in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain in individuals with OCD. OCD is also linked to other neurological conditions that impact similar brain areas, such as Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and epilepsy.

Temperament: Research suggests that individuals who display reserved behaviours, experience negative emotions, and show symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood are more prone to developing OCD.

Childhood Trauma: Some studies show an association between childhood trauma, such as abuse or neglect, is associated with the development of OCD.

Diagnosis of OCD

Here are some tools used in diagnosing OCD:

Clinical interview: This is the main tool used to evaluate symptoms and collect information about the individual's history, thoughts, and behaviours.

Clinical Assessment: A physical examination is done by the physician to get information about the severity and impact of the disorder.

It's important to note that:

• OCD can manifest in various ways in different individuals, and there is no singular "form" of OCD.
• The intensity of OCD can also differ, ranging from mild to severe.
• Early detection and intervention are essential for managing OCD and enhancing quality of life.

Psychological Impact of OCD

OCD can manifest in various ways, and its severity can range from mild to debilitating. Severe instances may cause disruptions to work, relationships, daily life, and general welfare.

OCD patients may engage in compulsions for hours at a time, which can result in social isolation, absences from work or school, and strained relationships.

Treatment Options for OCD

The primary treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are cognitive behavioural therapy, medications, or a combination of both.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that teaches different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to obsessions and compulsions. Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is a specific type of CBT that involves gradually exposing individuals to their fears or obsessions. This helps them learn healthy ways to manage the resulting anxiety.

Medicines: Medications for OCD typically include certain types of antidepressants. If these are ineffective, a provider may recommend trying other types of psychiatric medication. Before taking any medication, it is crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): For severe cases of OCD that do not respond to these treatments, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be suggested. This brain stimulation procedure uses magnetic waves to target specific brain areas associated with OCD.

Is OCD Preventable?

While there's no guaranteed way to prevent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), there are steps you can take to potentially reduce the risk or lessen the severity of symptoms if OCD does develop.

Some of the key points are given below:

• Early intervention
• Healthy Habits
• Supportive Environment

Always remember that OCD is a complex condition with no prevention, so early intervention and healthy lifestyle choices can play a significant role in managing OCD.

If you or someone you know is struggling with OCD, advising him/her to seek professional help is essential.

FAQs

Is childhood OCD caused by an infection?

Some experts have noted that some children seem to develop OCD symptoms very suddenly after having a streptococcal (or strep) infection.

For example, strep throat or scarlet fever. This is sometimes referred to as PANS (Paediatric Acute-Development Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) or PANDAS (Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus).

Not all cases of childhood OCD are linked to infections.

How do I take care of myself if I have OCD?

In addition to seeking medical treatment for OCD, practicing self-care can help manage your symptoms. Some examples include:

• Getting quality sleep.
• Exercising regularly.
• Eating a healthy diet.
• Spending time with loved ones who support you and understand OCD.
• Practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, massage, and visualization.
• Joining an in-person or online support group for people who have OCD.

What is an OCD person like?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by unwanted thoughts and fears, known as obsessions, which lead to repetitive behaviours, also known as compulsions. These obsessions and compulsions interfere with the individuals daily activities and cause significant distress.

Is overthinking OCD or anxiety?

Both OCD and anxiety are characterized by intrusive thoughts, but in OCD, these thoughts lead to compulsive actions.

If you only experience anxiety, you are less likely to act on your thoughts and are more prone to overthinking.

Does OCD get worse with age?

Symptoms vary in intensity over time, and this variation may be linked to the presence of stressful events.

As symptoms typically worsen with age, individuals may struggle to recall when OCD initially started, but they can occasionally remember when they first realized that the symptoms were interfering with their lives.

What are the biggest signs of OCD?

The biggest sign of OCD is fear of coming into contact with perceived contaminated substances, such as germs or dirt.

Fear of causing harm to yourself or someone else due to lack of carefulness, acting on a violent impulse, and unwanted thoughts or mental images related to sex.

Conclusion

OCD is a complex mental health condition, but it's important to remember that effective treatments exist.

Those with OCD can enhance their quality of life, control their symptoms, and regain control over their thoughts and actions with the right help.

Consulting mental health professionals for assistance and using coping mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and overcoming obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

References

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• National Institute of Health (2022). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd (Accessed 27/12/2023)