Introduction

The lymph glands, also known as lymph nodes, are the tiny tissue lumps that contain white blood cells.

They are an essential part of the immune system and plays a crucial role in fighting off infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents.

The human body has hundreds of lymph nodes distributed throughout the body. Lymph fluid flows in and out of the lymph nodes, collecting and trapping harmful matter like bacteria, viruses, and bodily waste products.

The lymph nodes filter the fluid and release it back into the bloodstream with salts and proteins.

When the immune system is actively fighting against an infection or illness, lymph nodes' enlargement or swelling usually occurs. 

While swollen lymph nodes are a natural and temporary response to health issues, persistent or severely swollen nodes may indicate an underlying medical condition.

This comprehensive guide explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for swollen lymph nodes.

It provides a better understanding of the immune system's intricate workings and helps individuals recognize when medical attention is necessary for optimal health outcomes.

What are swollen lymph nodes?

When the body is fighting an illness, you may notice swelling on the sides of your neck.

These swollen areas feel soft and tender to the touch and may cause discomfort. These swollen bumps on the neck are called swollen lymph nodes.

The location of the swelling usually corresponds to the affected area.

For instance, an ear infection is likely to cause swollen lymph nodes close to the ear, while someone with an upper respiratory tract infection may experience swollen lymph nodes in their neck.

Common areas where the lymph nodes can be felt (with the fingers) include:

• Groin
• Armpit
• Neck (there is a chain of lymph nodes on either side of the front of the neck, both sides of the neck, and down each side of the back of the neck)
• Under the jaw and chin
• Behind the ears
• On the back of the head

How do I check lymph node swelling?

Lymph nodes are present on both sides of the body.

To check for any swelling, you can compare the nodes on each side and look for any differences in size.

In some cases, lymph nodes may be enlarged deep within the body, such as in the abdomen or around internal organs, and may only be detected during a physical examination by a healthcare professional.

This highlights the importance of regular health check-ups and being attentive to any changes in the body, even if they are not immediately visible.

Another intriguing aspect is that swollen lymph nodes can exhibit different characteristics depending on the underlying cause. For example, they may feel tender, firm, or rubbery to the touch.

The texture and consistency of swollen lymph nodes can provide valuable clues to healthcare providers in diagnosing the underlying condition.

Additionally, swollen lymph nodes may vary in size, ranging from barely noticeable to significantly enlarged, depending on the severity of the underlying cause.

Swollen glands are often accompanied by pain, especially when making sudden or strained movements such as :

• Turning the neck sharply
• Bobbing the head
• Eating foods that are difficult to chew

Causes of swollen lymph nodes

The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is infection. When you have an infection, your lymph nodes work harder to trap and combat the germs.

This can lead to swelling. Common infections that can cause swollen lymph nodes include:

• The common cold
• The flu
• Ear infections
• Sinusitis
• Strep throat
• Mononucleosis
• Skin infections
• Tooth infections

Other causes of swollen lymph nodes include:

• Inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
• Immune system disorders
• Certain medications
• Cancer (less common)

Symptoms of swollen lymph nodes

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong somewhere in your body.

When your lymph nodes first swell, you might notice:

• Tenderness and pain in the lymph nodes
• Swelling that may be the size of a pea or kidney bean, or even larger in the lymph nodes
• In some cases, the skin over the lymph nodes may be red and inflamed

Depending on the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, other signs and symptoms you might have include:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Night sweats
• Sore throat
• Runny nose
• Coughing
• Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis of swollen lymph nodes

When you visit your doctor about swollen lymph nodes, they will want to do a few things to help diagnose the underlying issue:

Medical history: Your doctor will ask you about your medical history, including how and when the swelling developed, and if you have any other accompanying symptoms.

A physical exam: Your doctor will conduct a physical exam to check lymph nodes near the surface of your skin for size, tenderness, warmth, and texture. They will also look for any other signs that may give them clues about the underlying cause.

Blood tests: You may be recommended blood tests to help confirm or exclude any suspected underlying conditions. 

Imaging studies: Imaging studies, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, may be done to help determine potential sources of infection or find tumors.

Lymph node biopsy: If necessary, your doctor may recommend a lymph node biopsy. 

Treatment for Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes can sometimes decrease in size without any treatment. However, in certain cases, your doctor may decide to monitor them without prescribing any medication.

If an infection is the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics or antiviral medications to treat the underlying condition.

In the case of swollen lymph nodes caused by cancer, they may not go back to their usual size until the cancer is treated. Cancer treatment may involve the removal of the tumor or affected lymph nodes, or chemotherapy to shrink the tumor.

Home Remedies for Swollen Lymph Nodes

If a serious condition is not the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, they will typically go away on their own.

To alleviate any discomfort while waiting for them to improve, consider the following:

Warm compress: Applying a warm washcloth to the affected area can help reduce pain.

Rest: Getting plenty of rest can aid in a speedier recovery from a mild illness.

Over-the-counter pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers may help reduce pain and inflammation.

How to Prevent Swollen Lymph Nodes?

There are various ways to strengthen your immune system and lower the risk of infections that can lead to swollen lymph nodes.

Here are some helpful tips for you to follow:

Maintain good hygiene: This is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of germs and bacteria. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, particularly before eating, after using the restroom, and after blowing your nose.

Lead a healthy lifestyle: This includes eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, and getting enough sleep. These habits will help to keep your immune system strong.

Get vaccinated: Vaccines are a great way to protect yourself from various infections that can cause swollen lymph nodes. Get vaccinated against conditions such as shingles, tuberculosis, and the flu.

Avoid sharing things: Avoid sharing food, beverages, or personal items such as towels with anyone who has a contagious infection such as mono or a cold.

Manage stress: Stress can also weaken your immune system. Try to find healthy ways to manage stress, such as exercising, practicing relaxation techniques, or spending time in nature.

Conclusion

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that your body is trying to fight an infection or sickness.

Your lymphatic system, which is a part of your immune system, contains around 600 lymph nodes. In the majority of cases, the swelling will subside on its own.

However, if the lymph nodes are extremely swollen or are not decreasing in size, it's important to contact your doctor.

FAQs

What can cause swollen lymph nodes?

Common transient illnesses, like colds or throat infections, are typically the cause of swollen lymph nodes. Viral infections like infectious mononucleosis can also be the cause. However, in rare cases, the cause of swollen lymph nodes may be more serious, such as cancer.

What does lymphoma in the armpit look like?

A lump in the armpit may be a sign of lymphoma. This lump is usually painless and appears swollen. To determine whether lymphoma is the lump's cause, a biopsy is necessary. It is recommended to visit a doctor if the size of the lump is greater than 1.5 centimeters (cm) in diameter or if there are multiple lumps in different locations.

Where are cancerous lymph nodes located?

Cancer can cause swelling in lymph nodes located near the skin's surface, such as those in the neck, armpit, and groin.

How long will a swollen lymph node last?

The duration of swollen lymph nodes varies and depends on the underlying cause. In most cases, they may resolve on their own within a few days to a couple of weeks. However, if the swelling persists for more than two weeks or is associated with other concerning symptoms, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation.

References

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• Cleveland Clinic (2022). Swollen Lymph Nodes. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15219-swollen-lymph-nodes (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• Healthline (2023). What to know about Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy/Adenopathy). Available at https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-lymph-nodes (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• NHS (2023). Swollen Glands. Available at https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/swollen-glands/ (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• Mount Sinai (2022). Swollen lymph nodes. Available at https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/swollen-lymph-nodes (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• Medical News Today (2023). Why are my lymph nodes swollen? Available at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/swollen-lymph-nodes-in-armpit#summary (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• WebMD (2023). Swollen Lymph Nodes. Available at https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/swollen-glands (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• MedlinePlus (2022). Swollen lymph nodes. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003097.htm (Accessed 01/03/2024).
• American Cancer Society (2023) Lymph Nodes and Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/diagnosis-staging/lymph-nodes-and-cancer.html (Accessed 01/03/2024).